Every journalist who is not too stupid or too full
of himself to notice what is going on knows that
what he does is morally indefensible. He is
a kind of confidence man, preying on people's vanity,
ignorance, or loneliness, gaining their trust and
betraying them without remorse. Like the
credulous widow who wakes up one day to find the
charming young man and all her savings gone,
so the consenting subject of a piece of nonfiction
writing learns--when the article or book
appears--his hard lesson. Journalists justify
their treachery in various ways according to their
temperaments. The more pompous talk about
freedom of speech and "the public's right to know";
the least talented talk about Art; the seemliest
murmur about earning a living.
-Janet Malcolm, The
Journalist and the Murderer
My only obligation from the beginning was to the
truth.
-Joe McGinniss
This book, based on a two-part 1989 essay for The New Yorker, "Reflections: The Journalist and the Murderer", is itself one of the most remarkable pieces of journalism ever written. It is so drenched in irony and double meanings that it ends up completely subverting the, admittedly rather naive, idea that journalism and journalists are capable of impartially conveying the truth, let alone that they are trustworthy, and implicitly raises serious questions about the exalted position we grant to the Press in our Constitutional scheme.
Malcolm's ostensible topic is the libel suit that convicted murderer Jeffrey MacDonald filed against author Joe McGinniss, following the publication of the bestselling book Fatal Vision. MacDonald, a former Green Beret doctor, accused of killing his pregnant wife and two daughters nine years earlier, had given McGinniss, best known for his insider expose The Selling of the President : 1968, unprecedented access to the workings of his defense team, and in exchange received a portion of the advance and profits on the book. McGinniss determined early on in the process that MacDonald, his de facto partner, was probably guilty, but continued to play along with his protestations of innocence in order to maintain access and cooperation. It thus seems to have come as a genuine surprise to MacDonald when the finished book portrayed him as a cold-blooded psychopath and so he sought damages from McGinniss for perpetrating a fraud. The ensuing trial featured testimony from Joseph Wambaugh and William F. Buckley Jr., defending the right of the journalist to mislead his subjects, but ended with a jury hung five to one in MacDonald's favor, to the journalistic community's utter shock.
Janet Malcolm was one of a number of fellow journalists who had been approached by McGinniss's defense team to write about this threat to their profession. She appears to have been the only one to take up the mantle, and her take on events ended up being far from flattering to McGinniss. She makes it clear that McGinniss did indeed mislead MacDonald and the members of his defense team. Most damning are a series of letters between the two men in which McGinniss ingratiates himself with the man he knew by then to be the killer, and solicits his assistance in stifling other authors who were trying to write about the case.
Malcolm uses the relationship between journalist and murderer to explore the ethical dilemma inherent in journalism : that the writer has different, often conflicting, interests to those of his subject. Even as the subject tries to manipulate the journalist into presenting their side of the story, the journalist may well be picking that story apart and using the subject's own words to hang him. The moral questions that this raises for the journalist are obvious, but as Malcolm says :
What gives journalism its authenticity and vitality
is the tension between the subject's blind
self-absorption and the journalist's skepticism.
Journalism, to be effective then, very nearly requires this level of duplicity on the part of its practitioners. To get their story, they must frequently lie--whether they are lies of commission or omission the people with whom they speak when assembling the story.
As you read this book and consider what MacDonald's reaction would have been had McGinniss been totally truthful with him, these journalistic untruths emerge as natural, even necessary, though McGinniss perhaps crosses an imaginary line at a few points. But stop for a moment and think about how remarkable this aspect of journalism really is...after all, while the Constitution itself raises the Press to an elevated status, recognizing that it is as important to the functioning of a free society as religion, speech, assembly, the right to bear arms and various criminal rights, none of the branches of government is predicated on deceit, nor are any of the other protected rights. Should our laws really protect a "right" of journalists to lie ?
Consider too the premises which underlie our current, nearly absolutist, jurisprudence on and public understanding of "freedom of the press." We have made it almost impossible for the press to libel anyone; as long as they are "public figures," they are pretty much fair game. Government can not stop the press from printing information, no matter how damaging its publication might be to the national interest. We tolerate a level of intrusion into people's private lives which makes journalists barely distinguishable from stalkers. And what is the trade off that we expect from all of this : that somehow these freedoms will enable the press to bring us "the truth." The press is justifiably held in fairly low esteem by the public, but that same public still, on some level, assumes that at the end of the day the practices we find so contemptible will be vindicated by allowing the press to supply us with an, at least marginally, unbiased record of events.
Malcolm's book calls even this basic assumption into question. There are many versions of what happened in just this case, but take only those of MacDonald, McGinniss and Malcolm and ask yourself how we, the casual readers who are not immersed in the details of the case, can hope to unravel the differences among their versions. MacDonald obviously has the utmost interest in portraying his own innocence. McGinniss, it is gradually revealed, has complex psychological, financial, and professional reasons for presenting a story of MacDonald's guilt. Comes now Malcolm, our impartial arbiter, to sift through the facts, settle the disputes, and tell us what really happened. She seems like a reliable guide, mostly because of the sheer relish with which she castigates her own profession. If she comes across as too smitten with MacDonald, a tad holier-than-thou with McGinniss, and entirely too enamored of Freudian analysis, these are faults we're mostly willing to forgive because we think she's trying her best to give an honest account of what happened.
And there matters might have lay, except for the stunning postscript to the story; one that it is not too much to say left me feeling almost violated. For it turns out that even as she was writing this story, Malcolm was herself being sued by the subject of another one of her stories. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, a notorious apostate from Freudianism, brought suit against her for a story she wrote about him in The New Yorker, alleging that certain quotes attributed to him were either manufactured out of whole cloth or condensed and taken out of context. Personally, I'm a fan of Masson, precisely because he is a debunker of Freud, but the merits of his claim are immaterial. The real issue here is that there is a necessary subtext to the MacDonald/McGinniss story as it reflects on the Malcolm/Masson story. Malcolm, who was rather severely taken to task ny fellow journalists on this point after the The New Yorker essays appeared, denies it in the Afterword to the book :
The notion that my account of this case is a thinly
veiled account of my own experience of being
sued by a subject not only is wrong but betrays
a curious naïveté about the psychology of
journalists. The dominant and most deep-dyed trait
of the journalist is his timorousness. Where the
novelist fearlessly plunges into the water of self-exposure,
the journalist stands trembling on the
shore in his beach robe. Not for him the strenuous
athleticism -- which is the novelist's daily task --
of laying out his deepest griefs and shames before
the world. The journalist confines himself to the
clean, gentlemanly work of exposing the griefs and
shames of others. Precisely because
MacDonald's lawsuit had no elements in common with
Masson's did I feel emboldened to write
about it (and, incidentally, was I, as a defendant,
able to position myself so as to view a plaintiff's
case with sympathy).
God only knows what that all even means : it's little more than denial
and psychobabble. Her status as a defendant, accused of betraying
a subject's trust, must have had some impact on the way she approached
the MacDonald case, how she read the evidence, the interpretation she gave
to McGinniss's actions, and the conclusions she reached. For her
not to tell the reader about this conflict of interest is simply dishonest.
And so the final irony of the book turns out to be that Janet Malcolm's
own lie of omission ends up being the final proof that journalists and
journalism are far less reliable than we give them credit for being, are
ultimately little more than the product of the same types of bias and self-interest
that they so often seek to expose in their subjects. This lesson
is no less valuable for coming at the author's expense, but it does diminish
what has come before. This is a great book, both for what Malcolm
has explicitly written about the profession of journalism and for what
her example unintentionally reveals about it, a cautionary tale about the
dangers of trusting to freely in the value of even good journalism.
(Reviewed:05-Mar-01)
Grade: (A+)
